Although astrophysical BHs are expected to be described by only two of these parameters – mass and angular momentum – they may harbor very dynamical environments, such as accretion disks and electromagnetic fields. In the eletrovacuum, isolated BHs may be described by solely three parameters: mass, charge and angular momentum. General relativity (GR) introduced new objects to the scientific knowledge, such as black holes (BHs). We apply our results to particular cases, such as black holes coupled to linear and nonlinear electrodynamics theories and a Schwarzschild black hole surrounded by a spherical shell.

We show that this dirtiness leads to characteristic imprints in the tidal forces, which are absent in the case of a black hole surrounded by vacuum. These effective fields can generically represent usual or exotic matter associated to a variety of gravity theories. We study the tidal forces of spherically symmetric black holes in the presence of effective matter fields, dubbed as dirty black holes. Among the key aspects of the interaction of black holes with their surroundings, stand tidal forces phenomena. Alternative theories of gravity can lead to novel black hole solutions, which can be represented by small deviations in the metric due to an effective stress-energy tensor. Although isolated black holes are simple objects in general relativity, their accretion disks may significantly enrich the field configurations of their surroundings.

Black holes can be inserted in very rich astrophysical environments, such as accretion disks.

Tank force of nature tidal